The kidney filters blood plasma in the glomerulus and is vital for electrolyte homeostasis especially sodium and potassium ions. This plays a key role in blood volume regulation, neuromuscular function, and cardiac electrical balance. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases and the kidney's ability to maintain electrolyte balance is lost. The objective of this study is to research how CKD develops and suggest treatment options. A comprehensive review was performed using Google Scholar to identify clinical studies on dysnatremias, potassium disorders, and acid–base complications in CKD. Studies show that dysnatremias (hyponatremia and hypernatremia) are independently associated with higher mortality in CKD cohorts, suggesting that sodium imbalance is a risk marker. Metabolic acidosis is also common as GFR falls and is linked to faster CKD progression. Research also shows that correcting low bicarbonate is associated with slower decline in kidney function. Quantitative findings across studies consistently show lower average GFR in higher-risk groups and worse outcomes when electrolyte/acid–base abnormalities coexist. In conclusion, early detection and treatment may slow progression and delay the need for renal replacement therapies such as dialysis or transplantation, while routinely monitoring of blood pressure and maintaining blood glucose are essential because hypertension and hyperglycemia drive vascular damage that impairs renal flow and excretion.